Egyptian Crisis (2011–14)

The Egyptian Crisis began with the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, when hundreds of thousands of Egyptians took to the streets in an ideologically and socially diverse mass protest movement that ultimately forced longtime president Hosni Mubarak from office.[1][2] A protracted political crisis ensued, with the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces taking control of the country until a series of popular elections brought the Muslim Brotherhood to power.[3] However, disputes between elected Islamist president Mohamed Morsi and both the Egyptian military and secularists continued until Morsi's overthrow in 2013, in what has been variably described as a coup d'état or a second revolution.[4] Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, the general who ousted Morsi, became the de facto and later the de jure leader of the country, winning election to the presidency in 2014 in a landslide victory criticized by international election observers as not "genuinely democratic".[5] Nonetheless, Sisi's election was widely recognized, and the political situation has largely stabilized since he officially took power; however, some protests have continued despite a government crackdown. The crisis has also spawned an ongoing insurgency in the Sinai peninsula, which became increasingly intertwined with the regional conflict against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant later in 2014.[6]